As the first stage of the revision, Geostat assessed the consistency of the main components of population change – births, deaths and migration – with the results of the 2014 and 2024 censuses. The analysis showed that existing data on natural population movements were based on sufficiently robust and reliable administrative sources. Accordingly, birth and death figures remained unchanged during the recalculation of the intercensal period, while discrepancies identified between the censuses were adjusted through a revision of the migration component.The need to revise migration figures was driven by several methodological and practical factors.First, different time criteria are used to determine usual residence and migrant status in population censuses and current migration statistics. The population census applies a 12-month residence criterion, whereas current migration statistics use a six-month threshold. This difference means that the same individual's movement may not always be classified in the same way under census and current migration statistics.The second important factor relates to the country's territorial specifics. Comprehensive administrative information on population movements between occupied territories and territories controlled by the Georgian authorities is unavailable, and such movements are therefore not reflected in current international migration statistics.The third factor concerns the methodology used to produce current migration statistics. The main administrative source for migration data consists of individual records of state border crossings. However, crossing the state border does not in itself mean that a person has changed their usual place of residence. Therefore, classifying administrative border-crossing records as migration events requires the application of time-based criteria, algorithms and estimation methods. In addition, some estimation coefficients and distribution parameters used in current migration statistics were based on migration structures and behavioural patterns established during the previous census period.It should also be noted that migration is one of the most volatile components of demographic processes and responds significantly to economic, political, social and external factors. Particularly substantial changes were recorded during the COVID-19 pandemic and following subsequent developments in the region. Both the intensity of international movements and the duration of stays, frequency of repeated movements and behaviour of different migrant groups changed.Methodology Used to Revise the Historical Data SeriesThe recalculation of demographic indicators was based on a combination of internationally recognised and scientifically grounded statistical methods, including:- Cohort-Component Method, used to recalculate population figures across successive age and sex groups.- Demographic Balancing Method, applied to reconcile population changes with births, deaths, immigration and emigration.- Multi-source Data Integration Method, used to combine population census data, civil registration records, administrative data and other supplementary sources within a unified analytical framework, according to their respective purposes and quality.- Geographic Harmonisation/Reclassification Adjustment Method, used to account for changes in administrative boundaries and settlement classifications to ensure comparability over time.The population recalculation was not limited to the country's overall figures. Revisions were also carried out at the regional, municipal, urban and rural settlement levels, as well as for cities and towns.It should be noted that the revisions covered population figures for 2016–2024 and migration data for 2015–2024.Population Growth Between 2015 and 2025Between 2015 and 2025, Georgia's population increased by 5.6%, or 208,500 people, from 3,721,900 to 3,930,400.At the national level, population growth remained relatively moderate between 2015 and 2021, increasing by 63,500 people, or 1.7%, over this period. As of January 1, 2022, the population had declined by 25,000 compared with the previous year. The trend subsequently changed significantly: between 2022 and 2025, Georgia's population increased by 169,900 people, or 4.5%.An analysis of the components of the demographic balance provides a more accurate explanation of annual population changes. Population figures as of January 1 reflect the combined results of natural increase and net migration during the preceding calendar year. Between 2015 and 2019, natural population growth remained positive, although it gradually declined, while net migration generally remained moderate.From 2020, natural population growth turned negative. In 2020, negative natural growth (-4,000 people) and positive net migration (+19,100 people) resulted in an increase of approximately 15,000 in the population as of January 1, 2021. In 2021, negative natural growth (-14,000 people) combined with negative net migration (-11,000 people), resulting in a population decline of 25,000 as of January 1, 2022.Between 2022 and 2024, Georgia recorded negative natural population growth, totalling 13,800 people. Nevertheless, the country's overall population continued to increase, rising by 169,900 between January 1, 2022, and January 1, 2025. This population change reflects the combined impact of demographic processes.It is noteworthy that between 2015 and 2025, population growth was concentrated mainly in several regions – Tbilisi, the Autonomous Republic of Adjara and Kvemo Kartli. Population numbers declined in the remaining regions, while the population of Mtskheta-Mtianeti remained virtually unchanged.Urbanisation TrendsBetween 2015 and 2025, Georgia also recorded an increase in urbanisation.As of January 1, 2015, 2,135,600 people lived in urban settlements, accounting for 57.4% of the country's population. By 2025, the urban population had increased to 2,445,400, representing 62.2% of the total population. Accordingly, the urbanisation rate increased by 4.8 percentage points over the 2015–2025 period.During the same period, the population living in urban settlements increased by 309,800 people, or 14.5%, while the rural population declined by 101,300 people, or 6.4%.Thus, Georgia's overall population growth between 2015 and 2025 was entirely driven by an increase in the urban population, while rural settlements experienced a downward trend.Population Structure by Sex and AgeAlongside population growth, Georgia's age and sex structure also changed between 2015 and 2025.The male population increased from 1,777,100 to 1,881,400, while the female population grew from 1,944,800 to 2,049,000. Growth was almost equal for both sexes. As a result, the share of men increased from 47.7% to 47.9%, while the share of women declined from 52.3% to 52.1%. The number of men per 100 women increased from 91.4 to 91.8, indicating a slight reduction in the gender imbalance.The most notable change in the age structure was the increase in the elderly population. The number of people aged 65 and over rose from 531,300 to 690,400, an increase of 159,100, or 29.9%. Their share of the total population increased from 14.3% to 17.6%.The population aged 0–14 increased from 702,800 to 773,300, with its share rising from 18.9% to 19.7%. Meanwhile, despite overall population growth, the population aged 15–64 declined from 2,487,800 to 2,466,700, a decrease of 21,100 people. Its share of the total population fell from 66.8% to 62.8%.International MigrationAccording to Geostat, Georgia recorded a cumulative positive net migration balance of 212,700 people between 2015 and 2024.Between 2015 and 2019, migration flows remained relatively stable. The number of immigrants ranged from 84,300 to 94,100, while the number of emigrants fluctuated between 75,700 and 90,800. Consequently, net migration remained relatively low but consistently positive, ranging from 1,100 to 8,600 people.Migration flows changed significantly in 2020–2021. In 2020, the number of emigrants declined to 58,000, resulting in positive net migration of 19,100 people. In 2021, however, the country recorded a negative net migration balance of 11,000, an unprecedented development during the reporting period.A sharp increase in migration activity and a significant positive net migration balance were recorded in 2022–2024. In 2022, the number of immigrants reached 200,200, while net migration stood at 89,000, the highest figure recorded during the reporting period.In 2023 and 2024, net migration amounted to 54,800 and 40,000 people, respectively. Combined, the 2022–2024 period accounted for approximately 86% of Georgia's cumulative positive net migration balance recorded between 2015 and 2024.

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Of this total, 618.2 thousand trips abroad were made by Georgian resident visitors, representing a 3.1% increase over the figure for the corresponding period in 2025.Georgian resident visitors undertook 428.3 thousand "tourist-type" trips abroad, an increase of 3.8% compared to the same period of the previous year.The majority of these trips (45.3%) were made by Georgian resident visitors aged 31–50, while women accounted for 46.9% of the total number of trips. In Q3 2026, the largest share of visits (35.7%) was made for the purpose of visiting friends or relatives.According to Geostat data, the majority of visits were to Turkey and the Russian Federation, amounting to 204.6 thousand and 112 thousand visits, respectively.The average number of nights spent during visits in Q3 2026 was 7.80, which is 1.3% lower than the figure recorded in Q3 2025 (7.90 nights). 97.3% of the visits were repeat visits.Expenditures incurred during visits in Q3 2026 totaled ₾835.2 million, an increase of 19.3% compared to the same period of the previous year. The average expenditure per visit rose by 15.8% compared to Q3 2025, reaching 1,351.0 GEL.

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According to Rosselkhoznadzor, the Russian specialists reviewed the operations of Georgia’s State Laboratory of Agriculture, which tests plant-based products destined for the Russian market for pesticide and agrochemical residues. They evaluated the laboratory’s technical equipment, staff qualifications, research methodologies, and the compliance of the facilities with established requirements.Georgian counterparts also briefed the delegation on the procedures for determining the quarantine phytosanitary status of samples and the process for issuing certificates. As part of the visit, the Russian delegation also traveled to the Gori Municipality, where they inspected five facilities dedicated to the cultivation and storage of pome and stone fruits, as well as the preparation of export consignments.Based on the audit findings, Rosselkhoznadzor will issue a formal document to the laboratory, confirming its competence and the reliability of its research results. According to the agency, the Georgian side indicated that a national system for plant quarantine is currently under development. Integrating the digital platforms of the two countries will improve information exchange, increase the bilateral supply of products subject to quarantine control, and strengthen safety oversight.

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By sector, residential construction costs edged up 0.8 per cent month-on-month, representing a modest 0.7 per cent increase on the year.By contrast, non-residential construction costs saw a sharp increase, surging 5.9 per cent from August and 10.2 per cent compared with September 2025. The civil engineering index also expanded, climbing 2.3 per cent month-on-month and 9.4 per cent year-on-year.Geostat noted that the 2.3 per cent monthly uptick was primarily driven by a 7.3 per cent surge in average monthly nominal wages across the sector, which added 1.45 percentage points to the overall index.“Compared with the same month of the previous year, the Construction Cost Index grew by 6.0 per cent,” Geostat detailed in its report. “This annual growth was largely spurred by a 25.9 per cent rise in transport, fuel, and electricity expenses, alongside a 5.4 per cent increase in average monthly nominal wages for hired workers, contributing 2.99 and 1.75 percentage points to the overall change, respectively. Furthermore, compared with the February 2022 baseline, the Construction Cost Index has risen by 32.2 per cent.”

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DemandIn Sep-26, total number of sold apartments in Tbilisi, according to the Public Registry data, stood at 4,330 units (+8.0% y/y), of which: Sales on the secondary market increased slightly by 2.1% y/y to 2,163 (up 14.0% y/y in 9M26). Sales on the primary market, where data are impacted by delayed registrations, were up 14.5% y/y to 2,167 (up 19.9% y/y in 9M26). According to the survey of developers, which captures current trends on the primary market, showed that demand on the primary market remained solid despite a 26.6% y/y decline from the high base of Sep-25. Cumulatively, the number of apartments sold on the primary market was up 20.6% y/y in 9M26. In total, 35,033 transactions were registered in Tbilisi in 9M26, bringing the residential market value to US$ 3.2bn (+26.3% y/y).Supply In Sep-26, the area of issued permits continued to decline, down 39.6% y/y to 117,252 sq.m in 19 construction projects. Cumulatively, living area of permits issued in 9M26 declined by 7.6% y/y.Prices In Sep-26, primary market price increased moderately, up 0.2% m/m at US$ 1,434 per sq.m (+6.7% y/y). The average price on the secondary market (for new buildings built with permits issued from 2013) was down 0.9% m/m after two months of strong growth, reaching US$ 1,387 per sq.m (+5.9% y/y).Rents In Sep-26, price for renting an average (50-60 sq.m) apartment in Tbilisi increased by 8.6% m/m to US$ 11.3 per sq.m, reflecting a temporary rise in demand at the start of the academic year, lifting rental yield to 9.4%.

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During the reporting period, the number of residential real estate transactions in Tbilisi grew by 18% year-on-year, totaling 34,434 units. In September 2026 alone, the number of apartments sold increased by 10%, with 4,254 transactions recorded.Based on data for the first nine months of 2026, the average sale price for apartments reached $1,353 per square meter (+4% year-on-year). In September, the average sale price rose to $1,373 (a 3% year-on-year increase). By category (average sale price over the last 12 months, $/sq.m): Luxury: $4,319 Premium+: $3,121 Premium: $2,374 Comfort: $1,621 Economy+: $1,208 Economy: $865 Regarding the rental market, the average rental price for the period of January–September 2026 decreased by 3% year-on-year, reaching $10.1 per sq.m, while the yield on real estate fell by 0.6 percentage points to 8.2%. In September alone, the rental price stood at $10.3 (a 1% increase), and the yield was 8.2% (0.2 percentage points lower compared to the previous year).In terms of market segmentation, sales of older apartments increased by 13% year-on-year in September 2026 (3,496 transactions). Conversely, sales of new apartments declined by 3%, totaling 758 transactions. This decrease is primarily attributed to apartments priced below $1,500 per sq.m. As a result, new apartments accounted for 18% of total sales. Over the nine-month period, growth was recorded in both segments: sales of existing apartments increased by 23%, while sales of new apartments rose by 3%.A report by TBC Capital notes that the potential market supply, represented by the residential floor area covered by issued construction permits, decreased by 10% during the first nine months, amounting to approximately 854,000 square meters.This decline was primarily driven by developments in the Isani, Gldani, and Didi Dighomi districts. The largest shares of construction permits were issued for the Nadzaladevi and Didi Dighomi districts (17% each), followed by Saburtalo (15%).

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With regard to the annual core inflation, the prices increased by 4%, while the annual core inflation without tobacco amounted to 3.9%.The annual inflation rate was mainly influenced by price changes for the following groups:Transport: the prices for the group increased by 21.9 percent, contributing 2.54 percentage points to the overall index. Within the group the prices increased for operation of personal transport equipment (30.3 percent), transport services (14.5 percent) and purchase of vehicles (1.7 percent);Food and non-alcoholic beverages: the prices in the group increased by 3.1 percent, contributing 1.07 percentage points to the overall annual inflation rate. Within the group the prices increased for the following subgroups: fish (20.2 percent), meat (7.6 percent), oils and fats (7.0 percent), coffee, tea and cocoa (5.7 percent), vegetables (4.1 percent), bread and cereals (4.0 percent), milk, cheese and eggs (0.6 percent). At the same time, prices decreased for fruit and grapes (-4.5 percent), sugar, jam, honey, chocolate and confectionery (-3.3 percent), mineral waters, soft drinks, fruit and vegetable juices (-1.2 percent);Housing, water, electricity, gas and other fuels: the prices for the group increased by 10.1 percent, contributing 0.98 percentage points to the overall index. The prices were higher for the subgroups of actual rentals for housing (12.8 percent), maintenance and repair of the dwelling (11.9 percent), electricity, gas and other fuels (10.6 percent);Health: the prices increased by 8.4 percent, contributing 0.69 percentage points to the overall index. The prices were higher for the following subgroups: out-patient services (11.7 percent), medical products, appliances and equipment (9.4 percent);Education: the prices for the group decreased by 12.0 percent, contributing -0.53 percentage points to the overall annual inflation rate. The prices decreased for tertiary education (-32.9 percent). At the same time, prices increased for pre-primary and primary education (8.8 percent), secondary education (6.6 percent) and education not definable by level (5.5 percent).

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The number of employees in Research and Development increased by 2.2 percent and amounted to 16 552, of which 14 390 were researchers. 55.1 percent of researchers are women and 44.9 percent are men.67.5 percent of researchers have a doctoral or equivalent degree, 29.8 percent - a master’s or equivalent degree and 2.7 percent - a bachelor’s or equivalent degree.As for the distribution of researchers by age, the highest rate for women falls in the age group of 45-54 years (22.9%), while for men it falls in the age group of 65 years and older (24.4%).The largest share of researchers work in social sciences, totalling 3 250 (22.6%), while the smallest share work in agricultural and veterinary sciences, where 474 persons (3.3%) are employed.

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In September 2026, compared to the same period of the previous year, significant contributions to growth came from the following sectors: construction, information and communication, mining and quarrying, trade, and financial and insurance activities.A downward trend was observed in the manufacturing and the administrative and support service activities sectors.

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In 2025, the "travel" category accounted for the largest share of service exports, totaling $4.69 billion and representing 54.7% of total service exports. Transport services rank second with $1.74 billion (20.4% of total exports), while telecommunications, computer, and information services rank third with $1.37 billion (16%).In terms of service imports for 2025, transport services represent the largest category, amounting to $2.24 billion or 58.1% of total imports. Travel ranks second with $460.8 million (11.9% of imports), followed by "other business services" in third place with $340.2 million (8.8% of imports).In 2025, the top ten export destinations accounted for 54% of Georgia's total service exports. The largest export destinations are: Turkey – $958.6 million Russia – $899.2 million Israel – $686.3 million In 2025, the top ten import partner countries accounted for 46% of Georgia's total service imports. The largest import sources are: Turkey – $556.9 million China - $210.9 million USA - $182.6 million

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