Tbilisi (GBC) - The organization Reporters Without Borders (RSF) is publishing the 2025 World Press Freedom Index, according to which the state of media freedom in Georgia has deteriorated sharply compared to last year, and the country has moved from 103rd to 114th place among 180 countries.
According to the document, the media landscape is diverse and, at the same time, highly politically polarised. Manipulation, hate speech and disinformation are widespread in the media, especially on television, the main source of information. Media owners often control editorial content, as was the case with Rustavi 2, a TV channel that changed its editorial line after its handover to a former owner, and the public broadcaster GPB, which experienced government interference. Regional and community radio stations struggle with funding problems, while the print media’s readership is in decline and that of online news outlets is on the rise.
The country is undergoing a new and serious political crisis following widely contested legislative elections in October 2024, which have plunged the country into a repressive environment and international isolation. This environment is conducive to sustained competition for control of television networks. Although Georgian law prohibits political parties from owning media outlets, the big networks generally defend the interests of their owners, who often have close ties to political leaders. The same goes for state-owned media, which are subject to strong interference by the authorities. At the same time, the authorities often refuse to respond to media that criticise them and sometimes resort to censorship, raids, smear campaigns and intimidation.
The government still hasn’t fulfilled the European Union’s recommendation on press freedom, a necessary step before starting negotiations on membership. Contrary to previous reforms strengthening pluralism and transparency in the media, the government even adopted a repressive “foreign influence” law that copies the Russian “foreign agents” legislation, which undermines media freedom. The courts sometimes try to attack the confidentiality of sources, even though it is guaranteed by the law on freedom of expression.
The underdeveloped advertising market is declining in print and online media, which are largely financed by donors, usually from the West. The worrying economic problems of privately owned media have been accentuated by the “foreign influence” law, which penalises media outlets supported by Western institutions, as well as changes in advertising legislation, distorting competition with the heavily subsidised state-owned media.
Georgian society is marked by strong social tensions on certain issues, such as religion, LGBTQ+, rights and Russian influence, impacting journalistic coverage. Influential social figures, such as members of the Orthodox clergy, are wiretapped by the security services, thereby violating the confidentiality of journalists’ sources.
Verbal and physical assaults on journalists are frequent, including by senior government officials, especially during electoral campaigns. A sustained and brutal assault on about 50 reporters during homophobic counter-demonstrations in July 2021, in front of impassive security forces, marked an unprecedented setback. The lack of transparency and progress in the investigation speaks to the impunity enjoyed by those who commit crimes against journalists.
